The Economics of Hedge Funds: Alpha, Fees, Leverage, and Valuation

45 Pages Posted: 7 Mar 2011 Last revised: 8 Jan 2023

See all articles by Yingcong Lan

Yingcong Lan

Cornerstone Research, Inc. - New York Office

Neng Wang

Columbia University - Columbia Business School, Finance; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research (ABFER)

Jinqiang Yang

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: March 2011

Abstract

Hedge fund managers are compensated via management fees on the assets under management (AUM) and incentive fees indexed to the high-water mark (HWM). We study the effects of managerial skills (alpha) and compensation on dynamic leverage choices and the valuation of fees and investors' payoffs. Increasing the investment allocation to the alpha-generating strategy typically lowers the fund's risk-adjusted excess return due to frictions such as price pressure. When the manager is only paid via management fees, the manager optimally chooses time-invariant leverage to balance the size of allocation to the alpha-generating strategy against the negative impact of increasing size on the fund's alpha. When the manager is paid via both management and incentive fees, we show that (i) the high-powered incentive fees encourage excessive risk taking, while management fees have the opposite effect; (ii) conflicts of interest between the manager and investors have significant effects on dynamically changing leverage choices and the valuation of fees and investors' payoffs; (iii) the manager optimally increases leverage following strong fund performances; (iv) investors' options to liquidate the fund following sufficiently poor fund performances substantially curtail managerial risk-taking, provide strong incentives to de-leverage, and sometimes even give rise to strong precautionary motives to hoard cash (in long positions); and (v) managerial ownership concentration has incentive alignment effects.

Suggested Citation

Lan, Yingcong and Wang, Neng and Yang, Jinqiang, The Economics of Hedge Funds: Alpha, Fees, Leverage, and Valuation (March 2011). NBER Working Paper No. w16842, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1776778

Yingcong Lan (Contact Author)

Cornerstone Research, Inc. - New York Office ( email )

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Neng Wang

Columbia University - Columbia Business School, Finance ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) ( email )

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Jinqiang Yang

Shanghai University of Finance and Economics ( email )

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China

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