Stuck in the Middle: Impacts of Grade Configuration in Public Schools

Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 94, Nos. 11 & 12, pp. 1051-1061, 2010

42 Pages Posted: 27 Oct 2011

See all articles by Jonah E. Rockoff

Jonah E. Rockoff

Columbia University - Columbia Business School, Finance; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Date Written: December 2010

Abstract

We examine the implications of separating students of different grade levels across schools for the purposes of educational production. Specifically, we find that moving students from elementary to middle school in 6th or 7th grade causes significant drops in academic achievement. These effects are large (about 0.15 standard deviations), present for both math and English, and persist through grade 8, the last year for which we have achievement data. The effects are similar for boys and girls, but stronger for students with low levels of initial achievement. We instrument for middle school attendance using the grade range of the school students attended in grade 3, and employ specifications that control for student fixed effects. This leaves only one potential source of bias — correlation between grade range of a student's grade 3 school and unobservable characteristics that cause decreases in achievement precisely when students are due to switch schools — which we view as highly unlikely. We find little evidence that placing public school students into middle schools during adolescence is cost-effective.

Suggested Citation

Rockoff, Jonah E., Stuck in the Middle: Impacts of Grade Configuration in Public Schools (December 2010). Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 94, Nos. 11 & 12, pp. 1051-1061, 2010, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1949334

Jonah E. Rockoff (Contact Author)

Columbia University - Columbia Business School, Finance ( email )

3022 Broadway
New York, NY 10027
United States

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) ( email )

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States

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