Emergence of Social Networks via Direct and Indirect Reciprocity

22 Pages Posted: 17 Jul 2012 Last revised: 21 Aug 2014

See all articles by Steve Phelps

Steve Phelps

Department of Informatics, King's College London

Date Written: January 9, 2012

Abstract

Many models of social network formation implicitly assume that network properties are static in steady-state. In contrast, actual social networks are highly dynamic: allegiances and collaborations expire and may or may not be renewed at a later date. Moreover, empirical studies show that human social networks are dynamic at the individual level but static at the global level: individuals’ degree rankings change considerably over time, whereas network-level metrics such as network diameter and clustering coefficient are relatively stable. There have been some attempts to explain these properties of empirical social networks using agent-based models in which agents play social dilemma games with their immediate neighbours, but can also manipulate their network connections to strategic advantage. However, such models cannot straightforwardly account for reciprocal behaviour based on reputation scores (“indirect reciprocity”), which is known to play an important role in many economic interactions. In order to account for indirect reciprocity, we model the network in a bottom-up fashion: the network emerges from the low-level interactions between agents. By so doing we are able to simultaneously account for the effect of both direct reciprocity (e.g. “tit-for-tat”) as well as indirect reciprocity (helping strangers in order to increase one’s reputation). This leads to a strategic equilibrium in the frequencies with which strategies are adopted in the population as a whole, but intermittent cycling over different strategies at the level of individual agents, which in turn gives rise to social networks which are dynamic at the individual level but stable at the network level.

Keywords: reciprocity, reputation, social networks

Suggested Citation

Phelps, Steve, Emergence of Social Networks via Direct and Indirect Reciprocity (January 9, 2012). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2109553 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2109553

Steve Phelps (Contact Author)

Department of Informatics, King's College London ( email )

Strand
London, England WC2R 2LS
United Kingdom

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