Adverse Selection and an Individual Mandate: When Theory Meets Practice

58 Pages Posted: 21 Jun 2013 Last revised: 12 May 2023

See all articles by Martin B. Hackmann

Martin B. Hackmann

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Jonathan T. Kolstad

University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Systems Department

Amanda Kowalski

University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics

Date Written: June 2013

Abstract

We develop a model of selection that incorporates a key element of recent health reforms: an individual mandate. We identify a set of key parameters for welfare analysis, allowing us to model the welfare impact of the actual policy as well as to estimate the socially optimal penalty level. Using data from Massachusetts, we estimate the key parameters of the model. We compare health insurance coverage, premiums, and insurer average health claim expenditures between Massachusetts and other states in the periods before and after the passage of Massachusetts health reform. In the individual market for health insurance, we find that premiums and average costs decreased significantly in response to the individual mandate; consistent with an initially adversely selected insurance market. We are also able to recover an estimated willingness-to-pay for health insurance. Combining demand and cost estimates as sufficient statistics for welfare analysis, we find an annual welfare gain of $335 dollars per person or $71 million annually in Massachusetts as a result of the reduction in adverse selection. We also find evidence for smaller post-reform markups in the individual market, which increased welfare by another $107 dollars per person per year and about $23 million per year overall. To put this in perspective, the total welfare gains were 8.4% of medical expenditures paid by insurers. Our model and empirical estimates suggest an optimal mandate penalty of $2,190. A penalty of this magnitude would increase health insurance to near universal levels. Our estimated optimal penalty is higher than the individual mandate penalty adopted in Massachusetts but close to the penalty implemented under the ACA.

Suggested Citation

Hackmann, Martin B. and Kolstad, Jonathan T. and Kowalski, Amanda, Adverse Selection and an Individual Mandate: When Theory Meets Practice (June 2013). NBER Working Paper No. w19149, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2282989

Martin B. Hackmann (Contact Author)

University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) ( email )

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Jonathan T. Kolstad

University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Systems Department ( email )

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Philadelphia, PA 19104-6358
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Amanda Kowalski

University of Michigan at Ann Arbor - Department of Economics ( email )

Ann Arbor, MI
United States

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