New Sources of Law in the New Civil Code – Usages (Customs and Professional Customs) (Noi Izvoare de Drept in Noul Cod Civil - Uzantele (Cutume si Uzuri Profesionale) )

Abstract

There are juridical situations are outside the scope of regulation of legal norms and they are stipulated by the New Civil Code, namely the usages: which are defined, in the broad sense, as rules of conduct for a long time, born of social practice. In the broad sense, concept of law, is represented by totality of acts that are elaborated by competent state authorities and their purpose is legislating. If the law sanctioned any usage, by a rule of reference, giving them, as such obligatory legal power, they are sources of law and the legislator has provided, as is source of civil law, only usages which are in conformity to public order and morality. This problem there was no in the case of legal rules because, they themselves are created with the purpose of to generate the public order and morality. In the situations not covered by law, the usages have a greater force than that of the legal dispositions regarding similar situations so, the broad interpretation of the rules of civil law is make, in the cases which are not covered by the law, only if a such interpretation does not contrary usages. An analysis and understanding of the juridical status of usages representing: the customs and the local habits which is accepted by the members of that community as well as the professional uses, as rules of development of professional activities, may result in to perceive the legal force of their but also to reduce, on as much as possible, some potentials confusions of interpretation and application of the law.

Exista situatii juridice care se gasesc in afara sferei de reglementare a normelor juridice iar acestea sunt prevazute de Noul cod civil si anume uzantele: fiind definite, in sens larg, ca reguli de conduita pentru vreme indelungata, nascute din practica sociala. In sensul larg notiunea de lege este reprezentata de totalitatea actelor care emana de la organele abilitate ale statului si au ca scop legiferarea. Daca legea sanctioneaza uzantele printro norma de trimitere, dandu-le ca atare, putere juridica obligatorie, ele constituie izvoare de drept iar legiuitorul a prevazut ca fiind izvoare de drept civil numai uzantele care sunt conforme ordinii publice si bunelor moravuri. Aceasta problema nu s-a pus si in cazul normelor juridice, deoarece ele insele sunt create au scopul de a genera ordine publica si bune moravuri. In situatiile neprevazute de lege, uzantele au o forta mai mare decat cea a dispozitiilor legale privitoare la situatii asemanatoare astfel, interpretarea extensiva a normelor de drept civil se face, in materiile nereglementate prin lege, numai daca o astfel de interpretare nu contravine uzantelor. O analiza si intelegere a regimului juridic al uzantelor reprezentand: obiceiuri sau cutume locale, acceptate de membrii respectivei comunitati precum si prin uzuri profesionale, ca reguli de desfasurare a activitatii profesionistilor, poate duce la a percepe forta juridica a acestora dar si de a reduce, pe cat posibil, unele eventuale confuzii de intrepretare si aplicare a dreptului.

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Keywords: legal rules, usages, public order, sources of civil law, legal regime, izvoare de drept civil, norme juridice, uzantele, obiceiul juridic, cutuma

JEL Classification: K10