Do Tying, Bundling, and Other Purchase Restraints Increase Product Quality?
International Journal of Industrial Organization, Forthcoming
Northeastern U. D’Amore-McKim School of Business Research Paper No. 2587975
17 Pages Posted: 2 Apr 2015 Last revised: 27 Jun 2018
Date Written: March 30, 2015
Abstract
Tying, bundling, minimum purchase requirements, loyalty discounts, exclusive dealing, and other purchase restraints can create stronger incentives for firms to invest in product quality. In our first example, the firm sells a durable experience good and a complementary non-durable good to a representative consumer. Tying shifts profits from the durable to the non-durable good, making profits more sensitive to the consumer's experience. In our second example, the firm sells a single experience good to consumers with heterogeneous demands. Minimum purchase requirements screen out the low-volume consumers who would otherwise free ride on the superior monitoring of the high-volume consumers. The examples illustrate that purchase restraints can increase both firm profits and consumer surplus by making firm profits more sensitive to consumer experience, either directly by giving the consumer more control over the stream of profits or indirectly by constraining consumers to monitor more intensively.
Keywords: bundling, tying, loyalty discounts, exclusive dealing, experience goods, product quality
JEL Classification: L42, D82, K21, D04
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation