Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
51 Pages Posted: 18 Feb 2004
There are 5 versions of this paper
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
Cyclicality in Catastrophic and Operational Risk Measurements
Date Written: February 1, 2005
Abstract
A natural point of departure for all elements of business risk measurement is the past. Future trends and current metrics are often extrapolated from an historical data series. However, this process is fundamentally flawed if there are cyclical factors that impact business measures of risk or performance. Historical data on operational risk gathered during an economic expansion may not be relevant for a period of recession. Estimates of default risk and recovery rates incorporate cyclical components that are correlated to systematic risk factors, such as macroeconomic fluctuations and regulatory shifts. All too frequently, however, researchers and practitioners alike ignore these cyclical factors and blithely extend an unadjusted trend line into the future. The metrics obtained using this methodology are fundamentally flawed. By aggregating across different macroeconomic regimes, these historical estimates do not accurately reflect either time period. It is the goal of this paper to demonstrate the importance of developing models to adjust for systematic and cyclical risk factors in business metrics. This is the first paper, to our knowledge, to test the cyclicality of catastrophic and operational risk measures. Using equity returns for financial institutions we estimate both catastrophic and operational risk measures over the period 1973-2003. We utilize an extreme value approach (Generalized Pareto Distribution, GPD), as well as a generalized distributional approach (Skewed Generalized Error Distribution, SGED) to obtain estimates of catastrophic risk parameters and 1% value at risk (VaR). We find evidence of procyclicality in the catastrophic VaR for financial institutions. We define a new, residual operational risk measure and estimate the risk parameters using both the GPD and SGED. We use these operational risk parameters to determine the 1% operational VaR. Using our measure, we find that operational risk is quite significant, comprising approximately 18% of the total equity returns of financial institutions. This paper presents the first evidence of procyclicality in operational risk measures. Our results are robust to alternative distributional specifications, conditionality in downside risk measures, and simulated databases. Thus, we conclude that macroeconomic, systematic and environmental factors play a considerable role in influencing the risk of financial institutions. Models that ignore these factors are therefore fundamentally flawed. These results provide encouragement for further research into both catastrophic and operational risk measures that are conditioned on cyclical factors.
Keywords: operational risk, catastrophic risk, value at risk, extreme value theory, skewed fat tailed distribution.
JEL Classification: G20, C13
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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