A Racial Trust: The Japanese YWCA and the Alien Land Law

UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001

University of Akron School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper

61 Pages Posted: 28 Mar 2007 Last revised: 23 Jan 2011

See all articles by Brant T. Lee

Brant T. Lee

University of Akron - School of Law

Date Written: January 19, 2011

Abstract

When the dispute arose over the old Japanese YWCA building in San Francisco's Japantown neighborhood, it seemed yet another example of a community institution inevitably ceding to the demands of the modern market economy. Yet what has resulted instead has been an exercise in legal archeology, a refreshing of the collective memory of the Japanese American community, and a legal theory that brings to light several central episodes in Asian American legal history and puts them to practical use in a contemporary property dispute.

In 1996, the San Francisco YWCA decided it could no longer afford to maintain the old Japanese YWCA building at 1830 Sutter Street, and wanted to put it up for sale in San Francisco's red-hot real estate market. Members of the Japanese American community were disturbed to hear of the YWCA's plans. They wanted to preserve the historic building as a community asset. But their efforts to persuade the YWCA to change its mind failed. When it became clear that no one in the community could come up with the $1.65 million the YWCA wanted for the building, it seemed as though the preservation effort was doomed.

The lawsuit filed in 1997 by representatives of the Japanese American community is striking in its originality. The plaintiffs present not only a moral claim to the property but a legal property interest. This article explores how this single extraordinary contemporary case brings to light several of the most significant episodes in the last century of Asian American legal history. First, the plaintiffs' legal theory is based on California's version of the Alien Land Laws, which were intended to prohibit the ownership of property by Japanese immigrants. The Alien Land Laws were themselves dependent on the racially discriminatory federal naturalization law that was in place from 1790 through the first half of the twentieth century. Second, the maintenance of the cause of action in the Japanese YWCA case relies in part on an aspect of the wartime internment of ethnic Japanese that has received little attention: the postwar return of camp residents to the coasts and the internal and external forces that prevented the reestablishment of vibrant Japanese neighborhoods and communities. Finally, I suggest that this case is a good example of a situation in which the law should recognize a property interest based on the vulnerability of the Japanese American community in the early twentieth century and the reliance by Japanese Americans on the good will of white individuals and institutions which the law necessitated, even if the traditional formal prerequisites for a legal trust cannot be established. I also argue that the case suggests a possible resolution of difficult questions regarding race-conscious trusts. Specifically, the case suggests an argument for judicial approval of race-consciousness in a particular circumstance: where a private act favoring a racial minority group is intended to evade specific, historical, legal discrimination against that racial minority group.

Keywords: alien land laws, Japanese American, YWCA, trust, race, property, constructive trust

JEL Classification: K1, K10, K11

Suggested Citation

Lee, Brant T., A Racial Trust: The Japanese YWCA and the Alien Land Law (January 19, 2011). UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, University of Akron School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=975523

Brant T. Lee (Contact Author)

University of Akron - School of Law ( email )

Akron, OH 44325-2901
United States
330-972-6616 (Phone)

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