Environmental Liability Under Uncertain Causation

29 Pages Posted: 6 Sep 2007

See all articles by Eberhard Feess

Eberhard Feess

Frankfurt School of Finance & Management

Gerd Muehlheusser

University of Hamburg; IZA Institute of Labor Economics

Ansgar Wohlschlegel

Portsmouth Business School

Date Written: April 2008

Abstract

Recently, the European Commission has issued the Directive 2004/35/CE on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental liability. The Directive extends liability that usually refers to personal injuries and private property to harm where private property does not exist (e.g. biodiversity and endangered species). In these cases, problems with multiple causation and uncertain causation tend to be even more severe than for cases where solely private property is affected. Nevertheless, the otherwise very ambitious Directive remains silent about how to deal with these problems. We focus on uncertain causation and analyze second best optimal standards of proof in a model where benefits of risky activities are private information, and where the firm's care level chosen to avoid the damage is only imperfectly observable. We derive three results: first, we characterize the factors determining the second best standards. Second, and conversely to the previous literature, high standards of proof such as proof beyond reasonable doubt can be optimal even though they lead to inefficiently low care levels. Third, legislators should leave discretionary power to courts which allows them to choose the standard of proof conditional on factors such as the degree of uncertainty over causation or the information quality about care levels as taken by injurers.

Keywords: environmental liability, uncertainty over causation, standard of proof, threshold probabilities

JEL Classification: Q50, K13, K32

Suggested Citation

Feess, Eberhard and Muehlheusser, Gerd and Wohlschlegel, Ansgar, Environmental Liability Under Uncertain Causation (April 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1012353 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1012353

Eberhard Feess

Frankfurt School of Finance & Management ( email )

Adickesallee 32-34
Frankfurt am Main, 60322
Germany

Gerd Muehlheusser (Contact Author)

University of Hamburg ( email )

Von Melle Park 5
Hamburg, 20146
Germany

IZA Institute of Labor Economics

P.O. Box 7240
Bonn, D-53072
Germany

Ansgar Wohlschlegel

Portsmouth Business School ( email )

Portsmouth, PO1 3DE
United Kingdom

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