The Impact of Ballot Access Restrictions on Electoral Competition: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

Abstract

Measuring the effect of ballot access restrictions on electoral competition is complicated because the stringency of ballot access regulations cannot be treated as being exogenous to candidates' entry decisions. This paper exploits the 1968 U.S. Supreme Court decision to struck down Ohio's ballot access laws as a natural experiment to overcome the endogeneity problem. The evidence from difference-in-difference estimations suggests that the court decision and the accompanying sharp decrease in Ohio's petition requirements resulted in major parties facing a significant increase in competition from third party and independent candidates.

Keywords: Ballot access, petition requirements, electoral competition, natural experiment

JEL Classification: D72, D78