How Progressive is Germany? Comparing the Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in Europe (Wie progressiv ist Deutschland? Das Steuer - und Transfersystem im europäischen Vergleich)

32 Pages Posted: 6 May 2008 Last revised: 21 Jul 2008

See all articles by Andreas Peichl

Andreas Peichl

ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research; University of Mannheim - School of Economics (VWL); IZA Institute of Labor Economics; University of Essex - Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER)

Thilo Schaefer

Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln

Date Written: April 2008

Abstract

When comparing tax benefit systems across Europe, Germany is usually regarded as a country with a high level of taxes and contributions which is often seen as a main challenge for the economic performance of the welfare state in terms of growth and unemployment. Especially the progressive structure of the German income tax is subject to various criticisms in the ongoing policy debate in Germany.

In this paper, we compare the progressivity and redistribution induced by the tax benefit systems in the EU-15 countries. In contrast to previous studies, we do not focus only on the income tax system but additionally consider social insurance contributions and cash benefits for a complete analysis of the whole tax benefit system. Our analysis is based on EUROMOD, a static tax benefit microsimulation model for the EU-15 countries, which allows analysing the tax benefit systems in a common framework. We compute several measures of progressivity and redistribution for the whole tax benefit system as well as for the single components. We compare the values of these measures across countries to rank the countries according to their progressivity and level of redistribution.

Our analysis shows that there is considerable variety with respect to progressivity and redistribution across the countries. We show that the German system as a whole employs only a medium level of redistribution, which contradicts to some extent the existing German literature. However, this effect can be decomposed into a highly progressive income tax system, a highly unequal pre-tax income distribution and regressive social insurance contributions as well as regressive transfers. Therefore, when thinking of reforming the highly progressive income tax system, one has to take into account the regressive effects of the other elements of the tax benefit system.

Note: Downloadable document is in German.

Keywords: Progression, Umverteilung, Steuer- und Transfersystem, europäischer Vergleich

JEL Classification: D31, H24

Suggested Citation

Peichl, Andreas and Schaefer, Thilo, How Progressive is Germany? Comparing the Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in Europe (Wie progressiv ist Deutschland? Das Steuer - und Transfersystem im europäischen Vergleich) (April 2008). SOEPpaper No. 102, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1128159 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1128159

Andreas Peichl (Contact Author)

ZEW – Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research ( email )

P.O. Box 10 34 43
L 7,1
D-68034 Mannheim, 68034
Germany

University of Mannheim - School of Economics (VWL) ( email )

Mannheim 68131
Germany

IZA Institute of Labor Economics ( email )

P.O. Box 7240
Bonn, D-53072
Germany

University of Essex - Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER)

Wivenhoe Park
Colchester CO4 3SQ
United Kingdom

Thilo Schaefer

Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln ( email )

50668 Koeln
Germany

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