Transnational Entrepreneurs, Worldchanging Entrepreneurs, and Ambassadors: A Typology of the New Breed of Expatriates

Abstract

As barriers to globalization have steadily diminished, the number of entrepreneurial and noncommercial expatriates have grown from a trickle to a torrent. Much of what we know about expatriatism may not apply to this new breed of expatriates. A four-quadrant typology of expatriates draws attention to important differences in expatriate types. I make use of the notions of comparative fit and normative fit from self-categorization theory to validate the typology. Examining the experiences of 160 expatriates demonstrates that the proposed typology represents real differences and is invoked by expatriates in the field. Scholars may apply this typology to explain inconsistent findings in extant studies and as a guide for the development of new research questions.

Keywords: typology, expatriate, transnational entrepreneur, non-profit, self-categorization theory

JEL Classification: F00,M13,L31,L32