Markets, Hierarchies, Networks, Districts: A Cybernetic Approach

Abstract

IDs are regional hyper-networks that survived the socioeconomic evolution of modern capitalism. The also promise to succeed in the coming post-Fordist development. Italian experience has shown that industrial districts are highly important, perform successfully, and are increasing their survival rates. Beyond definition problems, they are multi-dimensional, complex, and adaptive systems. They can be replicated elsewhere and, regardless of the contingent triggering factors, can grow and change their early imprinting features. Cybernetics offers a sound theoretical basis for understanding the key concepts and redirecting industrial policy interventions.

Keywords: complexity, cybernetics, flexibility, hierarchy, identity, industrial district, industrial policy, Italy, market, network, organization

JEL Classification: A12, L14, R12, R58