Transfer Pricing and Sourcing Strategies for Multinational Firms

31 Pages Posted: 26 May 2013 Last revised: 4 Jun 2013

See all articles by Masha Shunko

Masha Shunko

Foster School of Business, University of Washington

Laurens Debo

Dartmouth College - Tuck School of Business

Srinagesh Gavirneni

Cornell University - Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: May 25, 2013

Abstract

Taking advantage of low foreign tax rates using transfer pricing and taking advantage of low production costs using offshoring are two strategies multinational firms (MNFs) use to increase their profits. We identify an important trade-off that MNFs face in setting their transfer prices: the conflict between (i) the incentive role and (ii) the tax role played by the transfer price. For MNFs, we characterize transfer-pricing strategies that motivate divisional management to (i) make good sourcing decisions and (ii) take advantage of favorable tax rates. It is clear that using a dual transfer-pricing system, where one transfer price determines tax liability and the other transfer price determines management compensation will always achieve the first-best solution, but such an approach carries the burden of administrative and possibly punitive costs. In addition to finding the profit-maximizing sourcing and transfer-pricing policies for both single and dual transfer-pricing systems, we quantify the absolute and relative maximum inefficiency in terms of the after-tax MNF's profit change from using a single transfer-pricing system. Using numerical experiments, we show that the highest relative loss is attained when the average outsourcing and offshoring costs, as well as the tax differential, are high: when the outsourcing cost follows a asymmetric distribution and the average outsourcing cost is approximately equal to the offshoring cost. We also extend our results to two practical variations of MNF structures: an MNF that faces operational constraints on its offshoring capacity and an MNF that uses compensation contracts linked to after-tax firm-wide profits. Insights from our analysis should help MNFs' managers identify when to use single and dual transfer-pricing systems.

Keywords: transfer-pricing, tax, global operations, offshoring

Suggested Citation

Shunko, Masha and Debo, Laurens and Gavirneni, Srinagesh, Transfer Pricing and Sourcing Strategies for Multinational Firms (May 25, 2013). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2270192 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2270192

Masha Shunko (Contact Author)

Foster School of Business, University of Washington ( email )

PACCAR Hall
Seattle, WA 47185
United States

Laurens Debo

Dartmouth College - Tuck School of Business ( email )

Hanover, NH 03755
United States

Srinagesh Gavirneni

Cornell University - Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management ( email )

Ithaca, NY 14853
United States

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