Reconciling Personal Information in the United States and European Union

40 Pages Posted: 29 May 2013 Last revised: 18 Oct 2015

See all articles by Paul M. Schwartz

Paul M. Schwartz

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law

Daniel J. Solove

George Washington University Law School

Date Written: September 6, 2013

Abstract

U.S. and EU privacy law diverge greatly. At the foundational level, they differ in their underlying philosophy: In the United States, privacy law focuses on redressing consumer harm and balancing privacy with efficient commercial transactions. In the European Union, privacy is hailed as a fundamental right that can trump other interests. Even at the threshold level -- determining what information is covered by the regulation -- the United States and European Union differ significantly. The existence of personal information -- commonly referred to as “personally identifiable information” (PII) -- triggers the application of privacy law. The U.S. and the European Union define this essential term of privacy law quite differently. The U.S. approach involves multiple and inconsistent definitions of PII that are often particularly narrow. The EU approach defines PII to encompass all information identifiable to a person, a definition that can be quite broad and vague. This divergence is so basic that it threatens the stability of existing policy mechanisms for permitting international data flows.

In this Essay, we propose a way to bridge these differences regarding PII. We contend that a tiered approach to the concept of PII (which we call “PII 2.0”) represents a superior way of defining PII compared to the current approaches in the United States and European Union. We also argue that PII 2.0 is consistent with the different underlying philosophies of the U.S. and EU privacy law regimes. Under PII 2.0, all of the Fair Information Practices (FIPs) should apply when data refers to an identified person or when there is a significant risk of the data being identified. Only some of the FIPs should apply when data is merely identifiable, and no FIPs should apply when there is a minimal risk that the data is identifiable. We demonstrate how PII 2.0 furthers the goals of both U.S. and EU privacy law and how PII 2.0 is consistent with their different underlying philosophies. PII 2.0 thus advances the process of bridging the current gap between U.S. and EU privacy law.

Keywords: privacy, PII, personal data, personally identifiable information, EU Data Protection Directive, Fair Information Practices, comparative law, European privacy

Suggested Citation

Schwartz, Paul M. and Solove, Daniel J., Reconciling Personal Information in the United States and European Union (September 6, 2013). 102 California Law Review 877 (2014), UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 2271442, GWU Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-77, GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 2013-77, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2271442 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2271442

Paul M. Schwartz

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law ( email )

Boalt Hall #7200
Berkeley, CA 94720-7200
United States

Daniel J. Solove (Contact Author)

George Washington University Law School ( email )

2000 H Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20052
United States
202-994-9514 (Phone)

HOME PAGE: http://danielsolove.com

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