Temporal Displacement of Environmental Crime. Evidence from Marine Oil Pollution
TILEC Discussion Paper No. 2015-014
CentER Discussion Paper No. 2015-037
21 Pages Posted: 22 Jul 2015 Last revised: 29 Oct 2016
Date Written: October 15, 2016
Abstract
We provide evidence for temporal displacement of illegal discharges of oil from shipping, a major source of ocean pollution, in response to a monitoring technology that features variation in the probability of conviction by time of day. During the nighttime, evidence collected by Coast Guard aircraft using radar becomes contestable in court because the nature of an identified spot cannot be verified visually by an observer on board of the aircraft. Seasonal variation in time of sunset is used to distinguish evasive behavior from daily routines on board. Using data from surveillance flights above the Dutch part of the North Sea during 1992-2011, we provide evidence for a sudden increase in illegal discharges right after sunset across the year. Our results show that even a tiny chance of getting caught and a mild punishment can have a major impact on behavior.
Keywords: deterrence, pollution, environmental crime
JEL Classification: K32, K42
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation