A Test of the 'News Diversity' Standard: Single Frames, Multiple Frames, and Values Regarding the Ukraine Conflict

Abstract

What are the effects of single versus multiple media frames on a foreign policy issue, and how do they interact with people’s foreign policy values? Previous studies have looked at how single frames influence opinions, how frames interact with values, and a few studies have investigated the effects of two competing frames at varying levels of persuasiveness. None, however, have used four, equally-strong frames on a foreign policy issue and measured their effects among those with differing foreign policy values. The present study adds to the framing literature by providing a test of Mauro Porto’s “News Diversity” standard for professional journalism: providing multiple, equally-persuasive frames in every news story. We found that exposure to only single frames tended to move participants away from their stated values and in the direction of the frame, while exposure to multiple, competing frames kept participants’ opinions closer to their stated values – without merely reinforcing previously held opinions.

Keywords: media, frames, multiple-frames, foreign policy, public opinion, political values, Ukraine