Bicultural Art: Offensive to the Māori or Acceptable Freedom of Expression? Wai 262, the CCPR and NZBORA
19(2) Australian Journal of Human Rights 47-92, https://doi.org/10.1080/1323-238X.2013.11882126
36 Pages Posted: 7 Feb 2020 Last revised: 28 Feb 2023
Date Written: 2013
Abstract
Historically, colonisation purposefully suppressed the culture and identity of New Zealand’s indigenous people, the Māori. Nevertheless, in recent decades, New Zealand has been trading off its Māori image when convenient, such as in the tourism industry, sometimes in ways that insult the Māori or are contrary to Māori customary law. The recent Wai 262 report from the Waitangi Tribunal recommended that no one should be able to use Māori cultural heritage in an ‘offensive’ or ‘derogatory’ way, even if the uses qualify for copyright or trade mark protection. This paper questions what this means for artists, particularly those who use Māori symbols, signs or icons in their art to make socio-political statements about New Zealand’s history and its modern society, which is still rife with racial tension. How do we balance the protection from offence against the right to freedom of expression, especially when that expression is so highly valued being socio-political speech? This paper uses Lester Hall’s work ‘Sid Going’ as a case study to discuss these issues.
Keywords: traditional cultural expressions, freedom of expression, Wai 262
JEL Classification: K33, K39
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation