The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java

51 Pages Posted: 13 Nov 2017 Last revised: 6 Feb 2023

See all articles by Melissa Dell

Melissa Dell

Harvard University - Department of Economics

Benjamin A. Olken

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); Harvard University - Society of Fellows

Date Written: November 2017

Abstract

Colonial powers typically organized economic activity in the colonies to maximize their economic returns. While the literature has emphasized long-run negative economic impacts via institutional quality, the changes in economic organization implemented to spur production historically could also directly influence economic organization in the long-run, exerting countervailing effects. We examine these in the context of the Dutch Cultivation System, the integrated industrial and agricultural system for producing sugar that formed the core of the Dutch colonial enterprise in 19th century Java. We show that areas close to where the Dutch established sugar factories in the mid-19th century are today more industrialized, have better infrastructure, are more educated, and are richer than nearby counterfactual locations that would have been similarly suitable for colonial sugar factories. We also show, using a spatial regression discontinuity design on the catchment areas around each factory, that villages forced to grow sugar cane have more village owned land and also have more schools and substantially higher education levels, both historically and today. The results suggest that the economic structures implemented by colonizers to facilitate production can continue to promote economic activity in the long run, and we discuss the contexts where such effects are most likely to be important.

Suggested Citation

Dell, Melissa and Olken, Benjamin A., The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java (November 2017). NBER Working Paper No. w24009, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3070033

Melissa Dell (Contact Author)

Harvard University - Department of Economics ( email )

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Benjamin A. Olken

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Economics ( email )

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Harvard University - Society of Fellows

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