The Last of the Lost Generations? Formal and Non-Formal Education in Ghana During Times of Economic Decline and Recovery

62 Pages Posted: 14 May 2018

See all articles by Niels-Hugo Blunch

Niels-Hugo Blunch

Washington and Lee University; IZA Institute of Labor Economics

Jeffrey S. Hammer

Princeton University - Princeton School of Public and International Affairs

Abstract

Using a cohort approach, this paper examines educational attainment in Ghana and its potential determinants considering both educational attainment in the formal education system and participation in non-formal education in the form of adult literacy programs. The results indicate an overall substitution between formal and non-formal education across the generations, with participation in adult literacy programs decreasing as the formal education system expanded its coverage across space and time in Ghana. Individuals who completed any formal education were also much less likely to participate in adult literacy programs, by about 10 percentagepoints per year of formal education completed.Additionally, the generations subject to the declining education system during the 1970s were substantially disadvantaged, with the cohort that was roughly of primary school age at the time of the economic breakdown in 1983 and the first few years thereafter being the last of the disadvantaged cohorts – the "lost generations." This is especially true for the particularly vulnerable group of individuals who never received any formal education, where the crisis cohort peaked in terms of adult literacy program participation relative to later (and earlier) cohorts, possibly in response to a decrease in the quality of the formal education system as well as increased competition from returning refugees. We perform a simple test for the declining quality of the formal education system in the 1970s and find evidence consistent with a decrease in the quality in the education system during the 1970s, followed by an increase in quality thereafter.

Keywords: human capital, formal and non-formal education, adult literacy programs, cohort analysis, Ghana

JEL Classification: I21, J24

Suggested Citation

Blunch, Niels-Hugo and Hammer, Jeffrey S., The Last of the Lost Generations? Formal and Non-Formal Education in Ghana During Times of Economic Decline and Recovery. IZA Discussion Paper No. 11513, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3177390 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3177390

Niels-Hugo Blunch (Contact Author)

Washington and Lee University ( email )

Department of Economics
Lexington, VA 24450
United States

HOME PAGE: http://www.wlu.edu/williams-school/economics/faculty-and-staff/profile?ID=x258

IZA Institute of Labor Economics ( email )

P.O. Box 7240
Bonn, D-53072
Germany

Jeffrey S. Hammer

Princeton University - Princeton School of Public and International Affairs ( email )

Princeton University
Princeton, NJ 08544-1021
United States

Do you have negative results from your research you’d like to share?

Paper statistics

Downloads
37
Abstract Views
428
PlumX Metrics