The Economic Assimilation of Irish Famine Migrants to the United States

50 Pages Posted: 26 Nov 2018 Last revised: 4 Feb 2023

See all articles by William J. Collins

William J. Collins

Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics; The Brookings Institution; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Ariell Zimran

Vanderbilt University

Date Written: November 2018

Abstract

The repeated failure of Ireland's potato crop in the late 1840s led to a major famine and a surge in migration to the US. We build a dataset of Irish immigrants and their sons by linking males from 1850 to 1880 US census records. For comparison, we also link German and British immigrants, their sons, and males from US native-headed households. We document a decline in the observable human capital of famine-era Irish migrants compared to pre-famine Irish migrants and to other groups in the 1850 census, as well as worse labor market outcomes. The disparity in labor market outcomes persists into the next generation when immigrants’ and natives’ sons are compared in 1880. Nonetheless, we find strong evidence of intergenerational convergence in that famine-era Irish sons experienced a much smaller gap in occupational status than their fathers. The disparities are even smaller when the Irish children are compared to those from observationally similar native white households. A descriptive analysis of mobility for the famine-era Irish sons indicates that more Catholic surnames and birth in Ireland were associated with less upward mobility. Our results contribute to literatures on immigrant assimilation, refugee migration, and the Age of Mass Migration.

Suggested Citation

Collins, William J. and Zimran, Ariell, The Economic Assimilation of Irish Famine Migrants to the United States (November 2018). NBER Working Paper No. w25287, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3290422

William J. Collins (Contact Author)

Vanderbilt University - College of Arts and Science - Department of Economics ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

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Ariell Zimran

Vanderbilt University ( email )

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