A Century of the American Woman Voter: Sex Gaps in Political Participation, Preferences, and Partisanship Since Women's Enfranchisement

61 Pages Posted: 3 Feb 2020 Last revised: 25 Jun 2023

See all articles by Elizabeth Cascio

Elizabeth Cascio

Department of Economics, Dartmouth College; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); IZA Institute of Labor Economics

Na'ama Shenhav

Dartmouth College

Date Written: January 2020

Abstract

This year marks the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, which provided American women a constitutional guarantee to the franchise. We assemble data from a variety of sources to document and explore trends in women’s political participation, issue preferences, and partisanship since that time. We show that in the early years following enfranchisement, women voted at much lower rates than men and held distinct issue preferences, despite splitting their votes across parties similarly to men. But by the dawn of the 21st century, women not only voted more than men, but also voted differently, systematically favoring the Democratic party. We find that the rise in women’s relative voter turnout largely reflects cross-cohort changes in voter participation and coincided with increasing rates of high school completion. By contrast, women’s relative shift toward the Democratic party permeates all cohorts and appears to owe more to changes in how parties have defined themselves than to changes in issue preferences. The findings suggest that a confluence of factors have led to the unique place women currently occupy in the American electorate, one where they are arguably capable of exerting more political influence than ever before.

Suggested Citation

Cascio, Elizabeth and Shenhav, Na'ama, A Century of the American Woman Voter: Sex Gaps in Political Participation, Preferences, and Partisanship Since Women's Enfranchisement (January 2020). NBER Working Paper No. w26709, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3530680

Elizabeth Cascio (Contact Author)

Department of Economics, Dartmouth College ( email )

Hanover, NH 03755
United States

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States

IZA Institute of Labor Economics

P.O. Box 7240
Bonn, D-53072
Germany

Na'ama Shenhav

Dartmouth College ( email )

Department of Sociology
Hanover, NH 03755
United States

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