What Explains the Gap in Welfare Use Among Immigrants and Natives?

54 Pages Posted: 14 Sep 2020 Last revised: 29 Jun 2023

See all articles by Xiaoning Huang

Xiaoning Huang

Columbia University

Neeraj Kaushal

Columbia University - School of Social Work; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Julia Shu-Huah Wang

Columbia University

Date Written: September 2020

Abstract

We investigate the gap in welfare use between immigrants and natives over a 24-year period using the Annual Social and Economic Supplement of the Current Population Survey from 1995-2018, spanning periods of economic recessions and recoveries, changes in welfare policy regimes, and policies towards immigrants. A novel contribution of our research is to adopt the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis to study the effects of demographic factors, macroeconomic trends and policy on welfare use gap between immigrants and natives. Our analysis leads to three main findings: one, if immigrants had the same demographic characteristics as natives their participation in means-tested programs would have been much less overall and much below those of natives. This finding holds true across broader measures of welfare receipt capturing cash and near cash programs and health insurance as well as participation in five specific safety net programs. It also holds true across periods of economic recessions and recovery. Second, we find evidence that the business cycle impacts immigrant and native welfare participation differently. Immigrant participations in Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program and State Children’s Health Insurance Program are more sensitive to the business cycle than native participations. Three, we find that changes in program eligibility explain only a modest proportion of the immigrant-native gap in welfare use. A possible explanation for this finding is that changes in eligibility rules have affected only specific immigrant populations (e.g. new immigrants) whereas our analysis pertains to all immigrants.

Suggested Citation

Huang, Xiaoning and Kaushal, Neeraj and Wang, Julia Shu-Huah, What Explains the Gap in Welfare Use Among Immigrants and Natives? (September 2020). NBER Working Paper No. w27811, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3692167

Xiaoning Huang (Contact Author)

Columbia University

Neeraj Kaushal

Columbia University - School of Social Work ( email )

622 W. 113th Street
New York, NY 10025
United States

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States

Julia Shu-Huah Wang

Columbia University ( email )

3022 Broadway
New York, NY 10027
United States

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