Consumer Tax Credits for EVs: Some Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Consumer Demand, Product Substitution, and Carbon Emissions

68 Pages Posted: 7 Sep 2021 Last revised: 18 Jan 2022

See all articles by Cheng He

Cheng He

Wisconsin School of Business

O. Cem Ozturk

University of South Carolina

Chris Gu

Georgia Institute of Technology

Pradeep K. Chintagunta

University of Chicago

Date Written: September 4, 2021

Abstract

Abstract Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars on monetary incentives for consumers to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly (“green”) products. However, there is little consensus on the effectiveness of delayed monetary incentives with complex structures such as tax credits in increasing green product adoption and reducing carbon emissions. The literature is also limited on the mechanisms through which monetary incentives work in general. We address these issues by studying the impact of tax credit incentives on green and non-green vehicle sales in the U.S. auto industry. A tax credit incentive could boost green vehicle sales through cost savings on the vehicle's price. However, the incentive may prove ineffective due to important barriers to adoption (e.g., long charging times for electric cars). To measure the sales and emissions impacts of tax credits, we study incentive changes in South Carolina and Oregon via various quasi-experimental approaches and assess the generalizability of our key findings to Colorado. Unlike recent studies showing an insignificant or a negative correlation between tax credits and electric vehicle (EV) adoption, our analyses show that unit sales of incentivized plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles–PHEVs–increase by an average of 3.7% (up to 52.7% in some counties) following a $2,000 incentive. In contrast, PHEV sales remain unchanged after the incentive's termination, implying a positive net sales effect. We also explore the underlying mechanisms for the incentive's impact by examining various purchase funnel stages. In the awareness stage, the incentive’s positive effect on PHEV demand peaks around the consumers' tax-filing period. As for the consideration stage, our analyses of online consumer search indicate that the incentive does not expand the consumer pool considering PHEVs. In the conversion stage, the incentive generates more sales for PHEVs in counties where 1) consumers are more likely to have PHEVs in their consideration sets regardless of the incentive (i.e., Democratic counties), and 2) consumers value cost-saving more (i.e., counties with lower-middle income). Also, the heightened demand for PHEVs following the incentive stems from the substitution from gasoline vehicles with high fuel efficiency. We estimate the average cost of reducing carbon emissions through tax credits to be $109 per ton, which is less expensive than tax rebates for conventional hybrids and subsidies for residential solar panels.

Keywords: climate change, sustainability, monetary incentives, green products, tax credit, carbon emissions, electric vehicles, policy evaluation, quasi-experiments

JEL Classification: M31, H50

Suggested Citation

He, Cheng and Ozturk, O. Cem and Gu, Chris and Chintagunta, Pradeep K., Consumer Tax Credits for EVs: Some Quasi-Experimental Evidence on Consumer Demand, Product Substitution, and Carbon Emissions (September 4, 2021). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3917577 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3917577

Cheng He (Contact Author)

Wisconsin School of Business ( email )

975 University Avenue
Madison, WI 53706
United States

O. Cem Ozturk

University of South Carolina ( email )

701 Main Street
Columbia, SC 29208
United States

Chris Gu

Georgia Institute of Technology ( email )

Atlanta, GA 30332
United States

Pradeep K. Chintagunta

University of Chicago ( email )

5807 S. Woodlawn Avenue
Chicago, IL 60637
United States
773-702-8015 (Phone)
773-702-0458 (Fax)

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