The Determinants of Early Investments in Urban School Systems in the United States

55 Pages Posted: 25 Feb 2023 Last revised: 26 Apr 2023

Date Written: April 26, 2023

Abstract

Growth in per pupil education spending in the United States was mostly flat until 1918, after which it increased by almost 100% in a brief six-year period. This is the fastest documented increase in per pupil education spending in U.S. history. Using newly digitized biennial data on 386 of the largest urban school systems in the U.S. from 1900 to 1930, I investigate the origins of this spending increase. I first document that there was significant expansion in all spending and revenue categories with particularly large increases in capital expenditures which were likely financed through borrowing. My results suggest that state education policies were largely ineffective in increasing school resources, as laws increasing state aid to local districts crowded out local receipts while compulsory schooling and English-only laws were not accompanied by increases in receipts or expenditures per pupil. Rather, I find that substantial increases in educational spending per pupil were linked to women’s suffrage. Providing women with the right to vote can explain about 20% of the increase in per pupil spending from 1900 to 1930.

Keywords: Education finance, urban schools, crowd-out, women's suffrage

JEL Classification: H75, I22, N32

Suggested Citation

Schmick, Ethan, The Determinants of Early Investments in Urban School Systems in the United States (April 26, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4365072 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4365072

Ethan Schmick (Contact Author)

Marquette University ( email )

P.O. Box 1881
Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881
United States

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